Building Construction Free Essays

The collapse of the Interstate 35W bridge over the Mississippi River had done major damages in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Many assumptions and speculations about the causes of the collapse of the bridge system had appeared in the public. The public was seemingly confused about the real cause of the incidents and it is their right to be informed about the state of the investigation. We will write a custom essay sample on Building Construction or any similar topic only for you Order Now The closest and very logical of the causes indicated in some of the investigations are stress or fatigue failure and lack of redundancy. Environment, Design, and Description of the I-35W bridge The I-35W bridge supports a total of eight lanes (four lanes on each direction). The average daily traffic (ADT) is given as 15,000 in each direction , with ten percent trucks. Constructed in 1967, the 581 meter long bridge has 14 spans. The main span is consist of a steel deck truss. The south approach spans are steel multi-beam. The north approach spans include both steel multieam and concrete slab span. There are two steel deck trusses. Builtup plates mostly composed the truss members. Rolled I-beams comprised the diagonal and vertical members. The truss members undergo poor welding details with the connections as mainly riveted and bolted. According to recent evaluation and inspection before the collapse of the bridge, corrosion at the floorbeam exists and rust are forming between connection plates. The two main trussses have an 11. 6-meter cantilever at the north and south ends. Twenty-seven floor trusses spaced at 11. 6 meters are also present. These floor trusses were framed into the vertical members of the main truss. The floor trusses consist of WF-shape members and have a 4. 97- meter cantilever at each end. The design specifications used in the bridge was the 1961 American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHTO) Specifications. During that time, most of the design uses unconservative fatigue design provisions. According to the fatigue evaluation report provided by the University of Minnesota’s Center for Transportation Studies in 2001, the approach spans had exhibited several fatigue problems promarily due to the distortion of the girders. The bridge truss and the floor truss system also exhibited poor fatigue details. Lack of redundancy in the main truss system was also present in the design. It is stated in the evaluation report of the University of Minnesota that cracking due to fatigue cause by a future increase in loading will first appear on the floor truss. According to them this future cracks is detectable since the floor truss are easy to inspect. In the incidence that cracks are not detected, the bridge could still hold the bridge system without the entire collapse of the system. In the report, the failure of the two main trusses of the bridge will definitely take much effect to the bridge system. Fatigue Resistance The Standard Specification and the Load and Resistance Factor Design provided by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHTO) contain similar provisions for the fatigue design of welded details on steel ridges. These details are designed ased on the nominal stress which can be calculated using standard design equations and does not include the effects of welds and attachments. Since fatigue is usually present during sevice load application, the design parameters is only applied during service load conditions. Cracks due to fatigue have insignificant effect on the structures in compression but have tremendous effect on structures that experience tension. With this idea, the assessment on the cracks that propagate on such a bridge as the I-35W should only be consider to elements in tension. Structural Redundancy In all the design criteria of any structural system, loads existed in variety of paths should be significantly consider. The strength and reliability of the system can be ensure by the existence of the redundant paths or elements. Without the existence of this redundant system of elements, the failure of the entire system is much possible. Past survey of the Committee on Redundancy of Flexural System on steel highway ad railroad bridges. The report summarized that a total of 96 structures were suffering some distress. It was also take into account that most of the failures were related to connections which were mainly welded. The report had also collected data which indicates that few steel bridges collapse if redundancy is present. Bridge systems with no redundancy was reported to have large number. In another research conducted by Ressler and Daniels, they found that the number of fatiguesensitive details present in the structure significantly affected the bridges with no redundant elements. Theoritical and Actual Bridge Response Many studies have shown that the simplified calculations used to predict the stresses provide a much higher value compare to the actual service stresses. Though the design calculations and load models provide appropriate results, it has great uncertainty in the maximum life of a bridge system. However, it is still beneficial to have an accurate estimate of the typical everyday stress ranges. In a large bridge, 20 Mpa is the typical value of the service live-load stress ranges. The stress ranges are typically governed by dead loads and strength design specifications. This is the reason why the stress ranges are small. Since the strength design must account for a single case loading scenario over the life of the bridge, conservative load models are used. In addition to load conservative models, the assumptions provided in the analysis of the design can also be the cause of the large difference of the predicted stress and actual stress. A great example of the effect of the assumptions is the case of the US Highway 69 in Oklahoma. Fatigue damage was said to be present upon the welding that had been used in the widening of the bridge. The design computations of the bridge illustrated that the allowable stress ranges could be exceeded at over 100 locations on the bridge. However, when the bridge was inspected, it appeared that the measure stress ranges was only 27 percent of the allowable stress ranges. This only shows the great effect of the assumptions used in the design of a certain structural system. Moreover, another study that indicates fatigue failure to be caused by the considerable amount of corrosion takes into account. This is the case of the Bridge 4654 in Minnesota where measured stress ranges ranged from 65 to 85 percent of the calculated analysis. These differences are to be point out to the fact that analytical methods provide assumptions that neglect ways in which the structure resists loads. For example, the study conducted y Brudette et al. , more than 50 years of bridge test data were collected and examined to determine specific load-resisiting mechanisms that are ignored in the design of the system. The study concluded that lower stress ranges in a structure can be due to unintended composite action, contribution from non-structural elements, unintended partial fixity at abutments and direct transfer of load through the slab to the supports. In another study of the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, they conducted a program of bridge testing that included more than 225 bridges over a period of 15 years. The study noted that much of the bridges can sustain much larger loads than their estimated capacities. Observations were also made regarding the behavior of the steel truss bridge. The observations are as follows: 1) the stringer of the floor system share a large tensile force thus reducing the strains experienced by the chord in contact with the floor system and 2) Composite action in non-composite system was shown to exist. How to cite Building Construction, Papers

Role of Germany in Great War Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Germany in Great War. Answer: Introduction The Great War also known as the First World War was one of the most gruesome and damaging wars in the history of mankind, in which the countries were divided into two groups, or alliances, the war continued for 45 years from 1914 to 1918. In the following essay, the role of Germany in the outbreak of Great War is highlighted. Specific evidence and arguments are formed and described in the essay below to give a clear idea about the reasons or factors that led to the happening of the Great War. The first incident which gave a spark to the war was the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. The July Crisis has been one of the catalysts of the War following which the great powers declared the coalition. The killing of the Austro Hungarian Loyal was attributed to Serbian government and its support to the terrorist entities. The Austro Hungarian Monarchical government did not leave any stones unturned to decide on an invasion on Serbia in this regards. These incidents were happening throughout July, and was known as July crisis. The Schlieffen plan devised by the German military chief was another action that was beforehand planned against the outbreak of the War. In addition to that was the invasion of Belgium and Luxemburg which would give a free passage to Germany in order to proceed towards the war against France and Russia. The essay will also throw light on the impacts of the First World War in Germany. Discussion Germany was one of the major reasons that had caused the First World War to take place. The World War began in the year of 1914. However, the beginning of it was marked when the French people announced the war on Prussia. From the beginning of the 1900s most of the country started to strengthen itself and its armys with the help of technological advances and against their respective ally. Argument: A simple no to Austria-Hungarys plan of invasion of Serbia, would have stopped disaster in its tracks. The murder of the Archduke and heir to the throne of Austria, Franz Ferdinand on 28th June 1914 in Sarajevo turned out to be one of the primary reasons which catapulted the Great Wars. It worked as a spark to the beginning of the war. Serbia was a self-ruling country. The harsh treatment over Serbia became the cause of the assassination of Franz by the terrorist group the Black Hand[1]. The assassination of the Archduke was caused by Gavrilo Princip part of the six-member terrorist group. The assassination was aimed at detaching the South Slav provinces of Austria-Hungarian empire. Serbia was given an ultimatum by Austria-Hungarian monarchy which was rejected which caused the primary reason to start the war. The other countries of Europe had been entangled in various disputes, and hence the countries were subsequently divided into two groups which was going to go the war. The Blank check is marked as one of the infamous episodes in history and a promotion of war[2]. On the date of July 5, 1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II,the ruler of Germany assures his countrys unconditional and complete support for whatever action Austria-Hungary decides to take in the conflict and dispute with Serbia. This was known as the blank check that Germany provided to Austria-Hungary. Therefore, this further escalated the tensions. This blank check by Germany was one of the causes of the great war and therefore Germany has been held as responsible for the massacre. Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the officials of Vienna decided to punish Serbia and take over the Dual Monarchy. However, the Austria-Hungary needed the support of Germany which was clear when they stated Hoyos two documents to the Kaiser. Austria-Hungary was not in a strong position to fight with Serbia as the army was in the worst state and many problems were going on in the empire which was mainly a cause of the nationalism of the Balkan area[3]. The murder of Franz Ferdinand was a personal loss to Wilhelm. the day when the Kaisers took the pledge which was termed as carte blanche or blank check by the historians, marked the crucial moment in the various reasons of the outbreak of the First World War in Europe in 1914. The conflict would not have been possible without the unconditional support of Germanys promise or assurance towards any of the punitive action on Serbia. The July crisis of 1914 formed a chain reaction of events firing the Great War. The chain started with the murder of Austro-Hungarian royal in Bosnia. This incident was followed by the decision of teaching a lesson tyo Serbia by Austria-Hungary which was supported whole heartedly by Germany, in the form of the Blank Check. Germany also pledged to sign any documents that was required to ensure that Germany was a part of the coalition of Austria-Hungary, and the support of Germany would continue, even if Russia would turn for war, to accomplish the attack on Serbia[4]. Therefore, the month following the assassination came to be known as the July Crisis[5]. It can be added that the Germans believed that they were much more prepared than the Russians and the French and finally they wanted the war to begin sooner. Finally, on 23rd which was one month later after the assassination, Austria-Hungary sent an ultimatum to the Serbian government consisting of ten worded demands and a requiremen t to respond in agreement within 48 hours. The Russians were not in the best prepared situation, the Germans had better preparations in terms of military might, and weaponry. The situation was chaotic and the political dimensions of the continent was changing fast, however the Great War started by the end of the July and early August 1914. It can be stated by analyzing the present political situation of that time, Germans intervention in the crisis between Austria-Hungary acted as a catalyst in the first Word War. German was one of the militarily powerful countries of Europe, the support of Germany had made the Austria-Hungary monarch more confident about their attack on Serbia. If Germany had not assured its support, and Russia came up as a support to Serbia, Austria-Hungary would not possibly attack the Serbian nation. This can be related to the desire of Kaiser Wilhelm II who wanted to lead Germany and its power to its greatness. Germany already had a perception that if it would support Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia, then Russia would involve defending Serbia. These would help Germany to break the Russia-France ally, which was expected by Germany[6]. Argument: Germany already had a plan in place for the attack of France and Russia Germany had a different strategy to conquer and win over France and Russia both at the same time by breaking the alliance. France was in a period of economic modernization and was growing into national unity. It was transforming from a nation of peasants to modern and diverse economy. France has conducted negotiations and foreign visits to strengthen its existing alliances with Russia and Britain. The early 20th century informally began the plan by the Germans to fight and launch the Great War. Schlieffens Plan was created way before the assassination of Austria-Hungary royal Franz Ferdinand and even before there was any residue of the happening of the Great War. The Schlieffen Plan was initiated to plan for the war against France and Russia, created or designed by the German Chief Count Von Schlieffen[7]. It was a sort of battle plan which was drawn up by the Germans to safeguard the victory beforehand against France and Russia. When Germany had been strategizing to launch offensive on France, and possibly Russia was a part of their strategy as well, Russia was engaged in a war with Japan in its eastern front. The Russo-Japanese war developed out of the rivalry between Russia and Japan regarding the dominance of Korea and Manchuria. Russia was drawn in the War because of its power and ability and the error of judgments like military overconfidence and enough of trust in the alliances which was not mandatory. The War started when Russia put pressure on China to grant a lease for the strategically important port of Port Arthur, in southern Manchuria, in the year of 1898. During These process, Russia had concluded an alliance with China against Japan, which led to winning the rights to extend the Trans-Siberian railroad across China and Manchuria to the Russian seaport. After building the Trans-Siberian railroad still, they lacked in the transportation facilities which became necessary to reinforce the armed fo rces in Manchuria. This was the time when Japan decided to launch an offensive against Russia, as the alliance with China had resulted in its security concern. There were multiple attacks on various occasions, and the Russian army was in the back foot, as its military preparedness was not up to the mark. This was one of the causes which weakened Russia economically and militarily, and Germany got an upper hand in its endeavor in the Western front of Russia to do as it wanted with France and Serbia. The Germans strategized that if an offensive was launched just then on the western frontier of Russia, then the Russians would take considerable time to mobilize its army from the eastern frontier, and till that time France will be captured and the German army can march further towards Russia. Military disasters at Tannenburg had majorly weakened Russian army in the initial stage of the War. The lack of leadership and army equipment was a drawback to Russia which was not in favor for the Great War against Austria-Hungary and Germany alliance. Germany wanted a large European war which was only possible after the involvement of the great powers in the Great War. At first, the war was simply initiated to break Russia-France alliance which was a prepared plan by the Germans much before the assassination had taken place[8]. Argument: Invasion of neutral Belgium was a calling for war The Treaty of London was signed in the year of 1839, in which Britain promised to safeguard the neutrality of Belgium after the recent invasions. It was designed by the allies to guarantee Belgium its impartiality and independence. Belgium was a part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1815. However, in 1830 the Catholic Belgians went apart and established their own independent Kingdom of Belgium. The co-signatories of the treaty of London were- Great Britain, Austria, France, the German Confederation, Russia and the Netherlands had officially accepted the independence and Britain agreed to protect the neutrality[9]. The major powers agreed to the treaty and signed it. The treaty is believed to catalyze the World War. On the other hand, Britain, Germany and France had all committed to respecting the independence of Belgium, but Germany stepped back with the commitment, and decided to divert energy just to fight against Russia and France. Britain was one of the powerful empires which only focused on ruling its empire effectively. The difficulties and the treaty signed to safeguard Belgium neutrality became the reason for forwarding the ultimatum to Germany. The people of Britain were not at all interested in the activities that were taking place in parts of Europe. Great Britain with its empire was the most powerful among the major allies. It was politically and socially stable with a great naval, financial and its strength were critical in the victory[10]. Regarding military Britain was the substantial winner of the war as compared to Germany. Germany has an effective strategy in capturing Belgium and henceforth protect itself from its rivals encircling its territory. Its rivals were France and Russia[11]. The plan was to acquire France, but first Belgium had to be brought under control to achieve that, and they knew that Russia would be busy meanwhile in mobilizing the Army from East to West. On 1st August 1914, when Germany declared free passage from Belgium, then it applied its Schlieffen plan over the dual alliance of France and Russia[12]. The plan was set as such Germany would anticipate the declaration of war to the Russians closest ally which was France by bringing the Schlieffen plan into action. France was a country with very poor defense. Therefore, Germany was very confident in bringing the country on its knees. Then Germany would encircle the region of Paris and force France to surrender. It would help Germany to pay full attention towards the Eastern front. However, when Britain sent an ultimatum to Germany t o take back their forces from Belgium to protect the neutrality of Belgium but Germany refused to it straightforward[13]. These reason led to the final declaration of war between the groups led by Britain and Germany respectively. Germany aimed to have a massive empire with more substantial power including army and navy. Germany took a risk which if not made would have given out some other consequence of the Great War. The other countries did not have an idea about the plans of Germany, and its strategies of waging a war in both the eastern and western fronts. Therefore, this made the process of comprehension of the other countries about the war slow. The alliance which was against Germany did not know much about the strengths of Germany either. Germany was at war with French and British in the Western Front, and fighting with Russians on the Eastern Front. The German had an idea to overrun Belgium and then attack Paris. However, one of the critical factors that can be considered is the invasion of Luxemburg and Belgium. France and Germany were in the odds since the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. By invading Belgium, Germany could have bypassed one of its threats of being encircled by its rivals. Germanys Schlie ffen plan was initiated and a strategy to conquer France and Russia, but it became a failure at one certain point where with the same plan to fight with two front war against major powers was impossible. Germany further made improvements in the plan with the help of Von Moltke. However, the outbreak of the world war would not have succeeded if Germany would have resisted from testing its power against of France, Russia and Britain. Germany was aware that it is prepared for the upcoming war as compared to other powers. It sourced and headed towards the Great War expecting that if Germany violated Belgiums international treaty, it would lead Britain to declare war. Germany wanted a war knowing the risk, but it wished to acquire larger European war. The period of World War I became the final significant and affecting moment of time for the Germany people. After the world war or while in the middle of the war it was an inevitable change for Germany. The German people had shown a complex reaction to the World War outbreak. Many German people out of over enthusiasm had been over supportive about the war. The German Government had a perception that the War was a way to establish German supremacy over Britain, Russia, and other German enemies. Therefore, it was very much interested in making this war a reality. They were very much confident about their preparedness of military might. The war was presented as the chance for Germany to secure "our place under the sun," as Foreign MinisterBernhard von Blowpresented it. Apart from that the political situation within Germany was creating this perception among the monarchy that the war and success in the war was necessary to unite the German public behind the monarchy, otherwise if the ris e of the Social Democratic Party of Germany had been left unabated. This party was one of the most audible opposition of the German Monarchy and the Keiser in the Reichstag. As the war was inevitable the Social Democratic Party of Germany had ended its stark opposition to the German Monarchy and had offered its support to the war efforts by the establishment. Therefore, Germany intentionally became a cause for the first world war. To establish its supremacy in Europe, and to establish the supremacy of German monarchy within the country. However, the fact was, Germany authorities who had designed the strategy for the war did not put enough attention to the intricate details. After the starting of the war as British Royal Navy blockaded the supply of food to Germany there was a scarcity of food that started throughout the country. Conclusion Germany had been the primary factors which played a crucial role in shaping the World War 1 or the Great War. It had its own ambitions and objectives to make this war happen, which have been discussed in the above paragraphs. The death of the Austria-Hungarian royal was just the immediate cause of the War. The background was being prepared since long, and Germany had the most important role to play to make sure the war takes place. The Blank Check that was provided by the Germans to Austria-Hungary to support them even if Russia declares war was one of the incidents which if would not have happened, the war may not have taken place. In the pursuit of expanding its own territory, and establishing its supremacy all over Europe, Germany became the prime cause of such a drastic war. The war had an immense impact over the political, economic and social environment all over the world. However, it can be justified to say that not only Germany but all the countries had their own roles to pla y in causing the war and it could have been averted if all the countries would have been responsible on their parts. References: Ahlstrom, David. "The hidden reason why the First World War matters today: The development and spread of modern management."Brown J. World Aff.21 (2014): 201. Bucholtz, Matthew N. "Kamerad or Genosse? The Contested Frontkmpfer Identity in Weimar Revolutionary Politics." InPolitical Violence and Democracy in Western Europe, 19181940, pp. 48-61. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2015. Harrison, Mark. "Myths of the Great War." InEconomic History of Warfare and State Formation, pp. 135-158. Springer, Singapore, 2016. Herwig, Holger H.The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918. AC Black, 2014. Hewitson, Mark.Germany and the causes of the First World War. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. Levy, Jack S. "THE FIRST WORLD WAR: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND CONTROVERSIES." (2015). Mulligan, William.The Origins of the First World War. Vol. 52. Cambridge University Press, 2017. Muthukrishnan, Moksha. "What Caused the First World War?: A dyadic approach to explaining the outbreak of the war in light of the rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Russia." (2015). Myburgh, John. "Without Prejudice." (2014). Newton, Douglas. "Lost opportunities for a negotiated peace, 1914-1918."Teaching History49, no. 2 (2015): 52. Phelps, Nicole M. "Maartje Abbenhuis. An Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics, 18151914." (2015): 1547-1548. Retallack, James.Germany's Second Reich: portraits and pathways. Vol. 22. University of Toronto Press, 2015. Roberts, Ivor. "The Black Hand and the Sarajevo Conspiracy." InBalkan Legacies of the Great War: The Past is Never Dead, pp. 23-42. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016. Rothwell, Victor. "Isabel V. Hull. A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War." (2015): 956-957. Silberstein, Gerard E.The Troubled Alliance: German-Austrian Relations, 1914--1917. University Press of Kentucky, 2015. Todman, Dan.The Great War: myth and memory. AC Black, 2014. Vogt, Roland. "Belgium: A Nation-State without a National Identity?." InEuropean National Identities, pp. 25-42. Routledge, 2017. Wani, Kentaro.Neutrality in International Law: From the Sixteenth Century to 1945. Vol. 131. Taylor Francis, 2017. Woodward, Llewellyn.Great Britain and the War of 1914-1918 (RLE The First World War). Routledge, 2017.

Aos Journeys †Lord of the Flies Essay Sample free essay sample

Challenges and picks are a portion of every journey. They are important factors to the terminal of many journeys. ‘Lord of the Flies’ . a novel by William Golding. and the movie ‘Freedom Writers’ . directed by Richard LaGravenese. are texts which both involve these facets of journeys and convey them to the audience in a figure of ways. These journeys. like most others. affect challenges and picks which help get the better of them. Challenges or distractions need to be overcome in order to hold a positive journey. There are many state of affairss refering challenges in ‘Lord of the Flies’ . One of these occurs when the immature schoolboys are stranded on a abandoned island during World War II. This major obstruction must be overcome for the journey to be resolved. The male childs are really immature. and at first see their state of affairs as an chance for escapade. Golding shows this through the usage of linguistic communication relevant to kids . We will write a custom essay sample on Aos Journeys – Lord of the Flies Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page foregrounding the artlessness and naivete of the male childs when they foremost arrive on the island. An illustration of this is when Ralph assures the male childs that his â€Å"daddy† will deliver them shortly. The lone mark of adulthood comes from Piggy. who realises the danger of their state of affairs. as he tells Ralph â€Å"We got to happen the others. We got to make something. † Piggy is a symbol for intelligence. and tells the male childs and the reader that being stranded on the island is in fact a challenge that they need to get the better of. Ralph is represented as a symbol for civilization. order and unity. When he suggests to the other male childs that they keep a signal fire in order to be rescued. he makes a pick to work out the job. Again. Golding uses linguistic communication relevant to kids. underscoring the high grade of the challenge they are confronting. Another challenge overcome by pick in ‘Lord of the Flies’ is â€Å"the beast† . â€Å"The beast† is a asleep parachuter swept onto the top of the island near the signal fire. The male childs are convinced it is a monster. later maintaining them from their signal fire. going an obstruction to their deliverance. Golding uses the animal as a symbol of the cardinal inherent aptitude and savageness that is within all worlds. This is rein forced through the statement â€Å"To Ralph. seated. this seemed the interrupting up of saneness. Fear. beasts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as Golding conveys the challenge â€Å"the beast† is to the boys’ deliverance. Simon. the dreamer. makes the determination that the animal is non a existent monster. but exists within them all. When Simon comes into contact with the Lord of the Flies. a pig’s caput impaled on a stick left as a gift to â€Å"the beast† . he realises its â€Å"half-shut eyes were subdued with the infinite cynicism of big life. † Here Golding accents Simon’s growing and adulthood. and how this pick was all that was needed to get the better of the fright of â€Å"the beast† and to maintain the signal fire traveling. Similarly. the movie ‘Freedom Writers’ demonstrates journeys which besides involve obstructions that need to be overcome by picks. One of these challenges was Erin Gruwell’s undertaking of learning a â€Å"dangerous† category from a newly-integrated high school. The manager shows the audience that Erin’s category challenges her when she foremost gives them a seating program. The pupils ab initio fight this and resent Erin and her manner of instruction. This changes when she finds a racialist drawing of one African American pupil in her category. which serves as a accelerator for a new attack to learning. integrating topics that will involvement her pupils. taking her to felicity and declaration. Erin’s passion for learning her category is shown in her soliloquy. where she states â€Å"I eventually realised what I’m supposed to be making and I love it. † Erin’s determination to seek her best to better her students’ lives and instruction. and helped her pupils overcome their bitterness of her. bettering both her students’ lives and her ain. Erin’s pick was besides a accelerator for her students’ journeys. By taking an involvement an involvement in and basking school. the pupils make great advancement in their instruction and personal lives. Gangster blame music is used throughout the movie to underscore the students’ engagement in gang life. This is a challenge to their instruction and safety. When Erin begins learning in a more relevant manner. the pupils decided to give school a opportunity. and do an attempt to better their lives. The books. novels and diaries used in the schoolroom are a symbol for the new acquisition that is taking topographic point. and stand for the greater understanding both Erin and her pupils come to accomplish. The pick by the pupils to collaborate with Erin consequences in the positive result of their journeys. Obstacles and determinations are a portion of every journey. The narratives of the male childs in ‘Lord of the Flies’ and Erin and her pupils in ‘Freedom Writers’ are illustrations of this. Their journeys are full of hard challenges which are. in the terminal. overcome by the determinations the characters make. Every journey involves challenges and pic ks.

Women in Russian History an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Women in Russian History Natalia Pushkarevas book` women in Russian History: from the Tenth to the Twentieth Century entails a clear and extensive scrutiny at the series of events involving women that unfolded in the period between the two centuries. This chronological account looks at the diversified average and extraordinary history of women in Russia. The writer dwells on topics touching diplomatic activities, poor and unmarried women in Russian villages, dental problems and their rights own property. Need essay sample on "Women in Russian History" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Pushkareva uniqueness has seen her highlight womens private lives. A woman in Russian history defines their accomplishments family life, everyday tasks, routines and exploitation. It also reveals that the ideal perception widely spread over the country about women is not completely the reality. The four chapter write covers women in politics, academics, culture and revolutionary groups showing the changes experienced in these fields respectively. Although its all about women, nobility and the peasant population takes the highest percentage in terms of coverage. Further attention on merchants and urban employees is emphasized looking at their struggles steps and goals achieved towards good living standards. Workers in Russia have been facing problems in working conditions and pay rates; women especially have a tendency of exploitation which seems contrary to the insights provided by law. A womans life is hence not as easy as it seems in Russia because, they engage in economical as well as family orientated activities; with others acting as sole bread winners in some family settings. Clerics in Russia have for a long time side lined women and their rights, viewing them as inferior; this in turn has caused rifts in their social interaction and relationships. A majority as a result dislike or rather despises them and their family members; especially wives and daughters no wonder Natalia too did not focus on the latter. Since earlier times, women in Russia rights to education were not fully accomplished, so, a large number of them do not possess even basic knowledge leading to high levels of illiteracy in women population. It is also evident that only wealthy families had access to these institutions and as a result peasants had little or nothing to do about it. Due to this reason surprisingly, daughters borne of Russian merchants are viewed as unintelligent, idlers and educationally uninterested. The reason is not unhappiness with schooling or the strictness, personal choice or parental decision, NO; its because, during the earlier centuries, Russian universities banned female examiners and courses for the women fraternity. With activism for reforms in the sector, changes later on saw their consideration. The pursuits therefore, clear any doubt on female interest in education. Natalias work caters for the criticism and stereotyping on Russian women especially by Western peoples. This lot seems to believe that women in the region are in a piteous position basing reasons on lack of independence and self-reliance. Critics on Russian women feel that little has been done on women, in terms of rights and health but Pushkareva has countered these opinions candidly and completely. In turn she acknowledges the fact that although women have dental problems, only the elderly suffer most consequences due to unawareness during their times on how to handle such cases. Russia women today are conversant with every aspect of dental health with their enrollment in medical courses increasing. It is also evident that women in Russia were empowered in their societies, although changes are taking a new shape, from the period of Kievan Rus to the scrambling of the Soviet Union: as key role players than they have ever been in the conventional opinions or allocated for in the cons titution. Women as mothers and family care-takers continue to triumph in other fields that men have excelled even after their denial on equality. Russian politics are seeing women involvement actively, although there stand a split on media coverage, good number hit headlines every other day. Unfortunately, success has not been achieved in getting rid of false beliefs and the bleak lifestyles about Russian women. Many captivating aspects on life struggles by these women have been witnessed; from single-mother family settings, academic Excellency to political association. Russian religious institutions especially the Orthodox Church, in conjunction with the peasant culture and traditions; have increased vigilance in their efforts that try to hamper or rather seem limiting women involvement in the community. The book has a context of achievements in ordinary and widespread goals and in particular the rights to acquire and own property and in judicial policies. Although loopholes in several issues appear mostly in the assessment of Russian women in the twentieth century, considerable work is realizable in the depiction and execution of pre-Moscovite period of the Russian history. Parental responsibility by women is quite openly expressed; affectionate is the terminology used in its definition. Similarly, the interdependence and mutuality tabled in most privately owned publications in real sense minimally relates or even tries to confirm the warnings on women demeanor, the strategies and the recommendation for their willingness to obey their spouses. A reason given by critiques, for most women unluckiness to have marriage proposals: This in the wake of events, a noticeable population still unwed or single. Majority believe and accord Natalias description on women in Russia, thumbs up. Inde ed, its a comprehensive account of the way things have been and are for the female population in Russia. REFERENCES Natalia Pushkareva. Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century: M.E. Sharpe, 1997.

Child Development

Child Development Introduction Child development is an essential process that takes place in the life of an individual. This process commences immediately after birth when an individual highly relies on others for sustenance and ends towards the end of adolescence when the said individual approaches independence (Graham, 2010). In the process of child development, there are various factors that determine the cognitive and psychological development of an individual.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Child Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The genetic constitution and prenatal care are some of the factors that influence the development of an individual during this phase of development. Consequently, ecological factors also play a significant role in child development. This paper will therefore focus on the impact that ecological factors have on child development. Ecological Factors In the process of development, ther e are various factors that determine the rate of development in a child. According to Urie (2006), ecological factors play a significant role in the process of child development since a child responds to various environmental cues that surrounds him/her. Thus, there are various environmental systems that a child interacts with that are influential in his/her development. The microsystem is the first environmental system that determines child development. This system comprises of the institutions and groups that immediately surround a child. The family is perhaps the most influential segment of this system. The behavior and personality of a child highly depends on the influence that arises from his/her family (Urie, 2006). In this respect therefore, family members have always been encourage to offer support and positive guidance to children to support their process of development. Consequently, educational and religious institutions also play a significant role in the process of chil d development especially in setting up their values, morals, goals, and beliefs. The influence that a child gets from his/her peers also determines his/her process of development. In most cases, children tend to imitate or adopt behaviors from their peers. For instance, the interaction that children have plays a significant role in speech development (Graham, 2010). Thus, a child who interacts more stands a high chance of learning how to speak fluently as compared to a child who does not interact with children of his/her age. The macrosystem is another environmental system that affects the process of child development. The macrosystem highly concentrates on the culture in which a child is brought up in. The level of economic development in the nation/region that a child is brought up in plays a significant role in determining his/her level of development.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, a child who is brought up in an industrialized country that is economically stable is expected to be different in terms of cognitive and psychological development as compared to a child who is brought up in a third world country. The child in a developed nation has a lot of resources and opportunities that will enhance his/her process of development. Ethnicity and cultural background are also significant factors in the process of development. An African American child is expected to have different values and beliefs as compared to a White American child despite the fact that they might be living in the same neighborhood. The chronosystems involves the transitions that a child experiences in the process of development. It has been identified that transferring a child to a new school or moving him/her to a different neighborhood, state, or nation will have a psychological effect that will definitely affect his/her development. Consequently, issue s such as divorce, separation, and death will have effects that will affect the psychological and cognitive development of a child. Conclusion This paper has therefore identified that there are several ecological factors that affect the development of a child. It is therefore essential that necessary measures are taken to ensure that a child is exposed to the right environmental cues to ensure that his process of development is effective. This will play a significant role in ensuring that the child grows to be a morally and psychologically stable individual as an adult. References Graham, D. (2010). Environmental Factors Affecting the Growth of Children. The  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2(1), 44-50. Urie, B. (2006). Ecology of the Family as a Context for Human Development: Research Perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22(6), 723-742

Managing and Improving Quality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing and Improving Quality - Term Paper Example There are three performance improvement methodologies described in this paper. Six Sigma is one of the methodologies and was initiated by Motorola then publicized by General electric. It is a manufacturing methodology whose focus is on variance reduction via a problem solution approach in order to improve quality of output. Lean thinking which was pioneered by Toyota as the company’s key to success. The methodology aims at reducing waste in order to improve the performance of business via workflow improvement. Theory of Constraint is a methodology which focuses on constraints of the manufacturing system and stresses on quicker systems throughput in a system process. Comparison of performance Improvement Methodologies Agenda Six sigma Lean thinking Theory of constraints Theory Reduce variation Waste elimination Constraint management Targeted Organizations Manufacturing manufacturing Manufacturing spotlight problems Flow of work Systems limitation Applications Definitions Analyz ing Improving Controlling measuring Value recognition Recognizing value stream Perfection Pull and flow Recognizing limitations and exploiting them. Subordinate process Constraint elevation Cycle repetition Assumptions Problem existence Quick throughput Limited inventory Fluctuations Measurement of performance for managers. Quality improvement. Removal of waste improves the performance of business. Several but small improvements are preferable compared to systems analysis. Speed and volume emphasis. Use of existing systems. An independent process. Primary effect Output process is uniform Decreased flow time Quick throughput Use of Six Sigma in healthcare organizations Six Sigma offers healthcare organizations a structure for Quality improvement both as a measurement as an application. Six Sigma is important in a healthcare organization for viability reduction in clinical service delivery. The application of Six Sigma in healthcare is a quality improvement plan in the process of medi cation application. Its presentation in this methodology demonstrates the versatility of these quality improvements in the healthcare organizations. Six Sigma in QI plan is a concept in statistics that represents the differences in data which has been set about its mean. In healthcare organizations the process capability measures the mean of the process in relation to the closest patient specifications limit. Six sigma as a management methodology provides the healthcare organization with the ability to systematically reduce its current errors and defects occurrences to low levels. This is achieved with a specific goal of delivering services with minimum error for maximum opportunities. Therefore in healthcare services the QI plan for six sigma is consider as a measurement and a methodology as well. In the healthcare organizations Six Stigma is applied in reducing variation sources found in various process of the organization. These processes include patient treatment, billing, patie nt triage and technology use by employees. Six Sigma was chosen by the many healthcare organizations due to its ability to evaluate process capability in performing defect free in a case where the defect is defined as something that patient satisfaction. At the same time, Six Sigma helps in designing,

Compare and contrast Russo-Chechen wars to Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Essay

Compare and contrast Russo-Chechen wars to Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Discuss with special reference to theories of conflict - Essay Example A similar massacre of Azerbaijanis followed in the Armenian city of Spitak. The Armenian protests against Azerbaijan based on Nagorno-Karabakh actually started in the perestroika spirit, but it immediately turned out to be a political organisation called Karabakh Committee that stood for an extensive anticommunist coalition for national sovereignty and democracy. 1 Similarly, the war between Russia and Chechnya started with the ambition of the former to topple the latter’s president through military intervention. The military intervention turned out to be a complete warfare against the people of Chechnya through the invasion and brutal bombing of civil areas in an awkward attempt to bring down the Dudayev regime. The war also awoke the dormant fighting spirit of the Chechens which they had gained from their long martial tradition with roots from a century long, persistent warfare with the imperialist Russian empire in the nineteenth century. 2 The mounting loss on the Russian side provoked its generals to make a quick response to the Chechen resistance through indiscriminate artillery and aerial bombardment on Chechnya’s capital. The death toll of people in the city was huge and the city was levelled in every part in an attempt by Russia to subdue the Chechen defenders. 3 The conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous area to separate from Azerbaijan and merge with Armenia that started in 1988 was called illegal with reference to the Soviet Constitution of 1978 that allowed merger of a region to another nation only with the permission of the home republic. The conflict in Southern Ossetia since 1990 is a similar case where the autonomous region is a part of north eastern Georgia and the war was provoked by the national administration and supported by the imperialists in Moscow. The support from Moscow was to weaken Georgia. The Georgian-Abkhazian conflict has been the bloodiest of all wars in the region. Though there are differences in